论体育立德树人和体育课程思政的策略与方法(一):困境与原因

作者: 毛振明 丁天翠 温君慧

论体育立德树人和体育课程思政的策略与方法(一):困境与原因0

摘      要:习近平总书记将“加强和改进学校体育”列为教育立德树人和课程思政任务的重要工作任务,体现出党和国家对体育立德树人和体育课程思政的高度重视与特别期待。然而,虽然体育有立德树人和课程思政之特殊功效,但实践中育人效果却难说理想,体育立德树人和体育课程思政的工作与国家和人民的期待之间仍有差距。分析其客观原因:一是体育立德树人和体育课程思政受社会教育和环境影响很大,体育立德树人在很大程度上受制于家庭教育的“起跑线”;二是体育立德树人和体育课程思政被应试教育挤压,而被挤压的原因也在很大程度上缘于体育和德育的性质特点。体育立德树人和体育课程思政的问题也来自于工作的不足,主要是体育立德树人和体育课程思政的目标论、内容与教材论及方法论的不成熟。具体问题有:体育立德树人和课程思政目标论方面存在着盲目追求体育立德树人的多功能、多目标、多实现以及目标的“虚化”、上下位目标的“虚实错位”;在体育立德树人和课程思政的内容与教材论方面存在着对体育立德树人和体育课程思政内容的浅读浅解及内容教材的“碎片化”“平庸化”现象;在体育立德树人和课程思政的方法论方面存在着教育方法的缺乏和“自然成就”的机理之谬,存在着“温情化”“规矩制度缺位”“身教与榜样作用不足”及家、校、社体育共育的割裂和“责任分散”的问题。

关  键  词学校体育;体育立德树人;体育课程思政;新时代

中图分类号:G807    文献标志码:A    文章编号:1006-7116(2023)03-0001-08

The strategies and approaches of moral establishment and student cultivation through physical education and ideological and political education on physical education curriculum:Dilemmas and causes

MAO Zhenming DING Tiancui WEN Junhui

(1.School of Physical Education,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450001,China;2.Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality,Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875,China;3.Department of Physical Education,Beijing College of Finance and Commerce,Beijing 100875,China)

Abstract: By The party and country attach great and special importance to the moral establishment and student cultivation through physical education and ideological and political education on physical education curriculum, because President Xi Jinping demanded intensifying and improving school physical education as the important task of the moral establishment and student cultivation through cultural education and ideological and political education. However, although physical education has the special effect on the moral establishment and student cultivation and ideological and political education, it is not satisfactory about cultivating students in practice, and there is still a remarkable gap between the task of currently educational practice and the expectations from nation and people. The reason is as follows: at first, the moral establishment and student cultivation through physical education and ideological and political education on physical education curriculum is greatly affected by social education and environment, and the former would be failed by “the starting line” of family education to a large degree; secondly, the moral establishment and student cultivation through physical education and ideological and political education on physical education curriculum has been squeezed by the examination-oriented education, which is caused by the quality and character about physical education and moral education in a large extent. Problems on the moral establishment and student cultivation through physical education and ideological and political education on physical education curriculum will be also from deficiency from practical work, which can be mainly ascribed to immaturity on the goal theory of themselves, content and teaching theory, as well as methodology. The special problems contain: the goal theory of the moral establishment and student cultivation and ideological and political education on physical education has blindly pursued the multi-function, multi-goal, and multi-realization, the virtual goal and the virtual and real dislocation of the upper and lower goal; in terms of contents and teaching material theory of the moral establishment and student cultivation and ideological and political education on physical education, the phenomenon of superficial interpretation on contents and fragmentation and mediocrity about content and teaching materials has existed among this already; in terms of methodology of the moral establishment and student cultivation and ideological and political education on physical education, several errors such as the lack of educational methods and the mechanical fallacy of “natural achievement”, and “tenderness”, “absence of rule and system”, “insufficient role of example”, have also existed here, along with the problem of separation of the co-education on physical education between home, school, and society, as well as the problem of decentralization of responsibility.

Keywords: school physical education;moral establishment and student cultivation through physical education; ideological and political education on physical education curriculum;the new era

1  体育立德树人和体育课程思政是新时代学校体育历史要求

在中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会的报告中,习近平总书记[1]指出:“坚持为党育人、为国育才,全面提高人才自主培养质量,着力造就拔尖创新人才,聚天下英才而用之。”“育人的根本在于立德。全面贯彻党的教育方针,落实立德树人根本任务,培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人。”“深化教育领域综合改革,加强教材建设和管理,完善学校管理和教育评价体系,健全学校家庭社会育人机制。”这是党对新时代新征程中的教育立德树人和课程思政的最新要求。

关于体育立德树人与体育课程思政,习近平总书记[2]于2020年9月22日在教育文化卫生体育领域专家代表座谈会上讲话指出:“要坚持社会主义办学方向,把立德树人作为教育的根本任务,发挥教育在培育和践行社会主义核心价值观中的重要作用,深化学校思想政治理论课改革创新,加强和改进学校体育美育、广泛开展劳动教育,发展素质教育,推进教育公平,促进学生德智体美劳全面发展,培养学生爱国情怀、社会责任感、创新精神、实践能力。”习近平总书记将“加强和改进学校体育”列为完成立德树人和课程思政根本任务的重要工作,体现出党和国家对体育立德树人和体育课程思政的高度重视与特别期待。

中办、国办《关于全面加强与改进新时代学校体育工作的意见》指出:学校体育是实现立德树人根本任务、提升学生综合素质的基础性工程[3]。在以往“全面发展的重要组成部分”的含义上又增加“基础性工程”的性质,进一步提升体育立德树人和体育课程思政的重要性。

教育部《高等学校课程思政建设指导纲要》(以下简称《纲要》)指出:“培养什么人、怎么培养人、为谁培养人是教育的根本问题,立德树人成效是检验高校一切工作的根本标准。落实立德树人根本任务,必须将价值塑造、知识传授和能力培养三者融为一体、不可割裂。全面推进课程思政建设,就是要寓价值观引导于知识传授和能力培养之中,帮助学生塑造正确的世界观、人生观、价值观。这是人才培养的应有之义,更是必备内容。这一战略举措,影响甚至决定着接班人问题,影响甚至决定着国家的长治久安,影响甚至决定着民族复兴和国家崛起。要紧紧抓住教师队伍‘主力军’、课程建设‘主战场’、课堂教学‘主渠道’,让所有高校、所有教师、所有课程都承担好育人责任,守好一段渠、种好责任田,使各类课程与思政课程同向同行,将显性教育和隐性教育相统一,形成协同效应,构建全员全程全方位育人大格局。”[4]《纲要》用8个“三”,全面、清晰阐释了立德树人和课程思政的本质含义、战略价值、深刻内涵、培养内容、关键环节、全员责任、基本要求、工作格局(见表1)。

综上所述,党和国家对新时代新征程的教育立德树人和课程思政上升到培养什么人、如何培养人、为谁培养人以及国家长治久安、民族复兴与崛起的高度上。体育立德树人和课程思政工作也必须如此站位,放眼大视角、胸怀大格局、谋划大战略,思考其策略、目标、内容与方法。

2  体育立德树人和课程思政的独特功效与实践效果不佳之“内卷”

体育在立德树人方面具有独特的功能和作用,这一点为世人公认,伟人们更有过深刻的阐述。青年毛泽东[5]在《体育之研究》一文深刻指出:体者,载知识之车,寓道德之舍也,德智皆寄于体;体育文明其精神,野蛮其体魄;欲文明其精神,先野蛮其体魄。体育强筋骨、增知识、调感情、强意志,其中的“文明其精神”“调感情”“强意志”等就是毛泽东对体育立德树人应有之义的理解。习近平总书记在全国教育大会上号召:要树立健康第一的教育理念,要帮助学生享受乐趣、增强体质、健全人格、锤炼意志[6]。其中的“享受乐趣”“健全人格”“锤炼意志”是对体育立德树人应有之义的理解。两代伟人对体育意义的深刻阐述,也是对体育立德树人和体育课程思政的特殊功能的诠释。

然而,体育虽有立德树人和课程思政特殊功效,但实践中育人效果却不够理想,体育立德树人和体育课程思政与国家和人民的期待有着不小的差距。按国家有关规定,每个中小学生都应经历至少1 260学时的体育课,经历2 160小时在校体育锻炼时间,经历至少2 000~4 000次阳光体育大课间,经历不少于24次学校运动会。如果体育立德树人和体育课程思政做得好,培养出身心健康和体魄强健的青少年本应不成问题。但现实却是,不少中小学生依然在锻炼中怕苦、怕累、怕输,在生活中任性、挑食、懒惰。20世纪80年代日本教育界忧虑的“无气力、无感动、无关心、无敬畏、无规则、无神经”的“六无少年”也不同程度出现在中国青少年身上。“娘宝”“小鲜肉”成为上至党和国家领导,下至黎民百姓的普遍担忧。习总书记“帮助学生在体育锻炼中享受乐趣、增强体质、健全人格、锤炼意志”的指示,既是对体育立德树人和体育课程思政的方向指引,也是对在新时代大力加强工作实效性的鞭策。

为何在“强筋骨、增知识、调感情、强意志”方面有着独特的功能,而在“享受乐趣、增强体质、健全人格、锤炼意志”本应发挥特殊教育功效的体育立德树人和课程思政的实际效果却不佳呢?其难点何在?

3  体育立德树人和体育课程思政效果不佳的客观原因

3.1  体育立德树人和体育课程思政输在家庭教育的“起跑线”上

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