非谓语动词中分词做状语的几点说明
作者： 张兆文摘要：笔者根据近几年的高考试题，对分词作状语进行归纳及应注意的问题作几点说明，以便让考生在复习备考时，明确分词作状语并知道如何分析此类试题。
关键词：分词；过去分词；状语从句
中图分类号：G633.41 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-3315(2008)06-074-02
首先了解现在分词和过去分词的基本意义：现在分词表示主动，进行。过去分词表示被动或完成，要了解分词，可以做哪几种状语，同时了解分词做状语和状语从句之间的关系。一般来讲分词可以做时间，原因，条件，结果，让步，伴随等状语，而且分词做状语一般可相当于状语从句。注意：含有分词句子其逻辑主语与句子主语一致。（独立主格除外，其分词的逻辑主语同句子的主语不一致，应带上）
一、 分词作时间状语：相当于一个时间状语从句
分词做时间状语一般位于句首，如带有while,when,until,once等词即可放于句首，也可位于句尾，此时时间意义更明确。
1. Hearing the news,they were very excited.
＝When they heard the news,they were very excited.
2.I learned a lot while staying in the countryside.
＝I learned a lot while I was staying in the countryside.
3.Water doesn't boil until heated to 100℃.
＝Water doesnt，boil until it (water) is heated to 100℃
高考链接：
1.When_____help, one oftens says “Thank you”or “It is kind of you”(2005福建 A.offeringB.to offerC.to be offered ( D).offered
分析：原句可以变为：when one is offered help, one oftens says....
分词的逻辑主语和后面的句子主语one一致，而且和offer 之间是被动关系，所以选D。
2．When_____different cultures,we often pay attention to the differences without noticing the many similarities.(2006浙江).
A.comparedB.being compared C.comparingD.having compared
分析：主语是we，分词的逻辑主语是we,而且和compare之间是主动关系，所以应使用comparing。答案是C
二、 分词做原因状语：相当于原因状语从句
例如：1.Being ill,he wouldn't come to school today.
＝As he was ill, he wouldn,t come to school today
2. Moved by Leifeng's examples, they did a lot of good deeds.
＝As they were moved by Leifeng's examples, they did a lot of good deeds.
高考链接：
1. _____ with so much trouble,we failed to complete the task on time.
A.FacedB.FaceC.Facing D.To face (2006年四川)
分析：原题可变为，As we were faced with so much trouble,we failed to complete the task on time.所以可知答案是A。
2._________ by a greater demand for vegetables, farmer have built more green houses.(2007浙江)
A.DrivenB.Being drivenC.To drive D.Having driven
分析：原句可变为As farmers are driven by a greater demand for vegetables, farmer have built more green houses.从句主语为farmers，而且和drive之间构成被动关系。所以答案为A。
三、 分词做条件状语：相当于一个条件的状语从句
分词做条件状语一般置于句首，前面若带有if或unless也可置于句尾，此时条件更明确。
例如:1.Having time, I'll come and help you.
＝If I have time , I'll come and help you.
2.You will never make progress unless studying hard.
＝You will never make progress unless you study hard.
3.Given more time ,we can finish the work successfully.
＝If we are given more time ,we can finish the work successfully.
高考链接：
We all know that ,______, the situation will get worse.(2007全国卷)
A. not if dealt carefully withB.if not carefully dealt with
B. if dealt not carefully withD.not if carefully dealt with
分析：原句可变为：If the situation is not carefully dealt with ,the situation will get worse.去掉从句主谓部分得出答案B。
四、 分词做结果状语：相当于结果状语从句
一般位于句尾，有时可带only或thus,在功能上相当于so that 引导的结果状语从句。
例如：1。His wife died ,leaving him with three children.
＝His wife died，so that she left him with three children.
2.He hit a parked car, thus breaking one of his legs.
＝He hit a parked car, so that he broke one of his legs.
高考链接:
The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, _________in the natural light during the day.(2007天津)
A.to letB.lettingC.letD.having let
分析：分词的逻辑主语是The glass doors与let构成主动的关系用letting.原句可变为The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance , so that the glass doors let in the natural light during the day.所以答案是B.
五、 分词做让步状语：相当于让步状语从句
分词做让步状语一般位于句首，前面如带有连词whether 或though置于句首，句尾都可。
例如：1.Being ill,he still came to class.
＝Though he was ill ,he still came to class.
2.Whether supported or not,I’ll go on with it.
＝Whether( I,m )supported or not,I’ll go on with it.
高考链接：
___________that she didn't do a good job.I don't think I am abler than her.(2007陕西)A.To have saidB.Having saidC.To say D.Saying
分析：原句变为Though I had said that she didn,t do a good job.I don,t think I am abler than her.Say这个动作发生在另一个动作之前所以用having done形式，答案为B.
六、 分词做伴随状语
大多位于句尾，表示其动作或情况与谓语表示的动作同时发生，功能上相当于一个并列句或并列谓语。
(上接第74页)例如：1.she stood there waiting for the bus.
＝she stood there and waited for the bus.
2.The teacher went out of the classroom,followed by his students.
＝The teacher went out of the classroom, (and was) followed by his students.
高考链接：
1.My cousion came to see me from the country, ______me a full basket of fresh fruits.(2006安徽)
A.broughtB.bringing C.to bring D.had brought
后句可改为and brought me a full basket of fresh fruits.答案是B.伴随状语
2.“You can,t catch me .“Janet shouted,________away.(2005全国)
A.run B.running C.to runD.ran
后句可改为and ran away.答案是B.伴随状语。
3. After his jouney from abroad, Richard Jones returned home,_____(2004上海春招)
A.exhausting B.exhausted C.be exhaustedD.having exhausted
后句可改为and was exhausted.答案是B.伴随状语。
分词用法很多，本文只是针对分词做状语的一些现象及在高考中的应用进行小结，若想把分词用法掌握的自如，需要善于总结，找出规律。
参考文献：
[1] 李斌宁《英语学习经验谈》。北京大学出版社，1995
[2] 李明启《对外语教学改革的思索》[j]西安外国语学院学报，2001