三维动态语法观下教学评一体化实践

作者: 郭修远

三维动态语法观下教学评一体化实践0

【摘 要】在江苏新高考改革的背景下,语法填空作为新题型成为教学的热点。在教学语法时,教师应以灵活的教学手段和丰富的课堂活动设计,促使学生在不同的语法填空语篇中,做到将语法的“形式、意义、使用”融会贯通。同时,从教学目标、教学过程到教学评价进行融合统一,实现“教—学—评”一体化。

【关键词】三维动态语法观;语法填空;新高考;教学评一体化

【中图分类号】G633.41  【文献标志码】A  【文章编号】1005-6009(2023)37-0057-04

【作者简介】郭修远,扬州大学附属中学(江苏扬州,225099)教师,一级教师。

《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版2020年修订)》(以下简称“新课标”)指出,高中阶段语法教学的目标是帮助学生“在进一步巩固和扩展已有的语法知识的基础上,在具体语境中恰当地运用所学语法知识理解和表达意义,进一步增强英语语法意识”[1]25。语法填空作为新一轮江苏高考改革后的新题型,不仅能考查学生语法知识结构化掌握和多层面运用的情况,还要求学生有较强的逻辑判断和语篇分析能力。这对于语法课堂教学提出了新的挑战,同时也具有深入研究的价值和意义。

Larsen-Freeman提出的“三维语法框架”(A Three-Dimensional Grammar Framework)清晰地阐释了形式、意义、使用三者的关系。在此框架中,语法被视为形、意、用三维一体。形式(form)涉及词法、句法形态;意义(meaning)指脱离语境的语言形式的本义,即其词典释义;使用(use)指人们在特定语境中运用语言达成的意图。这一框架下的语法教学是动态的过程。在活动的设计上,教师应围绕“形式—意义—使用”采用和设计“不同类型的学习实践活动,以既有层次又强调整合的多种教学活动来引导学生发展英语语法意识和能力”[1]26。

本文以一堂高二语法公开课为例,以带有主题情境的文本导入,引导学生在文本中探索语法填空的做题规律和技巧,将主题语境的探究、情感价值的引领和语法教学的引导相结合,帮助学生在提升语言运用能力的同时,促进思维品质和学习探究能力的同步发展。

本节课以译林版高中英语选择性必修一的第三单元为框架背景,该单元主题为The Art of Painting,介绍了艺术文化的鉴赏和中外文化的传播,其中课文的语言表达含有丰富的语法知识,对于学生进行语法规则的探究和运用有很好的指导意义。教师在教学时,可利用对课文文本中语言点的分析,引导学生总结语法填空题型的出题规律和做题方法;改编课文段落为语法填空题型,增强可理解性的语法输入;通过演绎和文本建构活动,帮助学生更好地理解语法知识点,搭建新旧知识间的认知桥梁,达到融会贯通的效果。

一、目标导入,激发思维

课堂伊始,教师以参观博物馆为主题情境,导入2020年新高考I 卷的语法填空原题,引导学生总结语法填空中的考查要点并进行分类。课堂设计如下:

T: Last time, we enjoyed a splendid travel to Musee d’Orsay through a travel journal. I suppose most of you can’t wait to visit one in person. But do you know how the original museums came into being? Let’s go through a short passage to explore more. Fill in the blanks and pay attention to the testing points.

Ss: for No.36, we change a noun into an adjective. For No.37, we need a conjunction. As for No.38, we should use the past tense ...

T: So according to the setting of blanks, we may classify them into two categories, they are blanks with given words and without given words.Shall we summarize the grammar points involved in the blanks without given words?

S: We may consider prepositions, pronouns, articles, conjunctions and so on.

T: Yes, we need to take functional words into consideration when filling blanks without given words. How about the blanks with given words? Today we will focus on the rules for these ones.

【设计意图】本单元的主题是艺术与文化,因此,教师在活动设计和文本选择上都围绕该主题展开。学生已了解Reading部分课文First Impressions的内容,文本讲述了作者参观美术博物馆的经历,因此学生对于艺术文化主题有了一定的了解和兴趣。而此篇高考题文本也正介绍了博物馆的构成和作用,与所学单元主题呼应,更能激发学生进行主动和深入的探究。同时,高考题的填空设计具有代表性和典型性,能反映出对于目标语法的多样化考查方式。

二、利用语境文本,归纳语法知识

教师分类挑选出课文中有代表性的句子,并进行适当改编,呈现不同类型的语法填空考查要点;提问课文中的相关内容,促使学生在回答问题的同时完成设置好的填空题。教师可从谓语动词、非谓语动词和词性转换三个解决语法填空题的常用角度出发,逐步引导学生总结出语法填空答题过程中的注意点。示例如下:

T: During that rewarding visit to Musee d’Orsay, what impressed the author most? Try to fill in the blanks according to the context.

Ss: As I wandered (wander) through the Impressionist gallery in the Musee d’Orsay, I was impressed (impress) by two of the greatest impressionists, Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. What struck me most was (be) that Monet did around 250 paintings of the same water lily pond in different colours and styles.

T: Good job! Pay attention to the three verbs. In terms of sentence element, what do they have in common?

Ss: All of them function as predicates.

T: Yeah. So when dealing with blanks involving predicates,we should notice...?

Ss: Tense, voice and agreement.

T: Great! You have caught the point. Now, let’s go back to the museum. What are the features of Claude Monet’s and Pierre-Auguste Renoir’s paintings?

Ss: Monet and Renoir, as well as other like-minded artists, sought liberation (liberate) from the rules of the old style. Employing (employ) free brushwork and using colours to show (show) the effect of light on things, they created paintings far less realistic than previous works.

T: This time, we need to solve the problems of non-finite verbs. Now, it’s your turn to work it out. Work in groups and sum up the rules.

【设计意图】三维动态语法观强调,教师不能只在语境中向学生呈现语法知识,还应引导学生通过自主学习,归纳出底层语法规则的外显知识。[2]因此,本环节笔者改编课文语段,意在帮助学生在真实情境中完成文本梳理和语法填空,同时以小组合作的方式整理出语法填空答题中应注意的问题,最后在教师的引导下形成规律性的总结。通过意识增强活动和语境文本的输入,学生能够更好地理解语法的形式与意义之间的匹配关系,提高自主分析和归纳的能力。

三、使用语法规则,构建重组文本

在上一阶段的学习中,学生已初步了解语法填空题的命题规则和语法点的考查要求。在本环节文化主题的语境中,教师呈现一篇新的文本,介绍自媒体博主通过录制短视频,实践和传播中国传统文化的故事。学生扮演命题老师的角色,将文本改编为体现高考语法知识点的语法填空题,并在小组内进行分享交流。语法填空的设空需符合上一阶段总结出的规则和要求。学生改编后的语法填空示例如下:

Picture a young Chinese woman,___1___(dress) in traditional clothing, picking flowers in a field to create make-up for her cheeks, making a sofa from bamboo and cooking up all sorts of delicious Chinese food by herself. It may sound___2___ (real), but such a person does exist in real life.

Li Ziqi, 30, has become one of Chinese most popular___ 3___  (celebrity) with 9 million followers on YouTube, 34 million on Tik Tok. Her videos___ 4___  (feature) cooking and creating DIY products greatly attract people living in big cities.___ 5___  our amazement, she does it all without using any modern technology or electricity.